CONDITIONAL CLAUSE

Conditional ada 3 tipe:

1.     (future-possible),

2.     (present-unreal),

3.     (past-unreal).

Conditional sentences punya 2 bagian: klausa utama, klausa “if”. Masing-masing klausa punya Subject dan Verb sendiri.

1.      Conditional 1       

“Andai aku… Aku akan…”.

Kalimat ini mengandaikan sesuatu yang mungkin bisa terjadi di masa depan.

Contoh:

·         If I have a lot of money, I will buy a car.

(Kenapa conditional 1 disebut (future – possible)? Karena sesuatu yang kita harap terjadi di masa depan, mungkin saja terjadi).

Resep Conditional 1: Main clause in Future Tense + IF clause in Present Tense

Contoh:

·         He “will” make good grades IF he “studies” well. *note: if clause diikuti present tense*

Resep lain Conditional 1: IF clause in Present Tense [comma] Main clause in Future Tense

Contoh:

·         IF he “studies” well, he “will” make good grades. *note: if clause diikuti present tense*

2.      Conditional 2     
Coba perhatikan diagram berikut:

Conditional 2, menyatakan:

“Andai aku… Sekarang ini, aku seharusnya/bisa saja/mungkin akan/mungkin bisa…”

Kalimat ini menunjukkan pengandaian yang tidak sesuai dengan kenyataan.

Contoh:

·         If I studied diligently, I would pass the test.

·         But don’t study, would pass?

(Kenapa Conditional 2 disebut (present – unreal)? Karena kondisi yang diandaikan, tidak sesuai dengan kenyataan).

Resep Conditional 2: Main clause with Would/Should/Could/Might + V1 + IF clause in Simple Past Tense  

Contoh:

·         He would make good grades IF he studied hard.

Resep lain Conditional 2: IF clause in Simple Past Tense [comma] Main clause with Would/Should/Could/Might + V1       

Contoh:

·         If he studied hard, he would make good grades.

*Catatan Penting:

1.     If clause Conditional 2 selalu diikuti verb Past Tense, Kecuali “to be”. Gunakan “were” untuk if clause Conditional 2.

2.     Would – akan (will), Should – seharusnya (shall), Could – bisa (can), Might – mungkin (may).

3.     Main clause menggunakan Would/Should/Could/Might dan selalu diikuti Verb 1.

3.Conditional 3          

“Andai (dulu) aku… Sebelum ini, aku pasti sudah/ bisa saja/ seharusnya sudah/ mungkin sudah…”

Kalimat ini menunjukkan pengandaian yang tidak sesuai dengan kenyataan.

Contoh:

·         If I had had enough money, I would have flown to Australia last Christmas.

Artinya:

o   Kalau (dulu) uangku cukup, aku pasti sudah terbang ke Australia Natal tahun lalu.

Resep Conditional 3: Main clause with Would/Should/Could/Might + have + V3 + IF clause in Past Perfect Tense

Resep lain: IF clause in Past Perfect Tense [comma] Main clause with Would/Should/Could/Might + have + V3

Contoh:

·         If he had learned the truth, he might have cancelled the wedding.

·         If you (study) diligently, you (will) (pass) your exam.

Answer:

·         If you had studied diligently, you would have passed your exam.

Source :

http://englishtips4u.com/2012/07/15/engclass-conditional-clause-summary/

http://englishtips4u.com/2012/07/08/engclass-conditional-1/ 

http://englishtips4u.com/2012/06/24/engclass-conditional-2/

http://englishtips4u.com/2012/07/08/engclass-conditional-3/

The Real Mystery of Easter Island

             Most of us have seen pictures of the gigantic statues of Easter Island, and a nig mystery has been this: Who build the statues, and how were they moved? Recently, however, we’ve become aware of an even greater mystery: What happened to Easter Island? What changed it so drastically? Easter Iskand lies in the South Pasific about 2,300 miles west of Chile, the coutry to which it belongs. According to current estimates, it ws settled abiut the year 900 by Polynesians. If you go to Easter Iskand today and visit Rano Raruku, the quarry where the statues were carved, you’ll see almost 400 statues in various  stages of disrepair. On roads leading out from Rano Raruku, a volcanic crater about 600 yards across, there are about 100 more statues. Many if not most of these statues are toppled  over and damaged. Else where on the island you’ll see more than 100 giganic platforms on which the statues stood.

          Easter Island was discovered by Dutch explorer Jacob Roggeveen on April 5, 1722 Easter day. When Roggeveen landed, he saw the island much as it is today: a rather desolate place covered mostly by grassland, with no trees taller than 10 feet. It is clear today, however, that Easter Island wan once much different: Most of it was a subtropical forest. At one time, the island was home to as many as 15,000 people, while today there are onlyabout 200. What occured to cause such drastic changes?

          Explorer Thor Heyerdahl theorized taht the building and moving of the statues what some how linked with the activities of the Incas and with the Egyptians and their Pyramids. Author Erich Von Daniken proposed that extraterrestrials made and moved the statues. However, it is believed today that the Easter Islanders did all the work themselves. But how could they have done this? They didn’t have cranes, metal tools, large animals, or wheels. (The wheel had been invented long before, but the Easter Islanders didn’t have access to it). One very convincing explanation is that they invented their own devices, called canoes rails, which are ladders with parallel wooden logs connected by crosspieces. The islanders used the rails to drag the statues. But large trees would have been required to build  the rails, along with other kinds of trees to provide bark to make rope to pull the statues. Had such trees ever existed there?

          Bontainish John Flenly and anthropologist Paul Bahn have concluded that these trees did exist. Studies have established that the island was once convered with forests. One of the principal trees was the Chilean wine palm, which grows as high as 65 feet and as wide as 3 feet. The assumption is that the trunks of the wine palm were used to lift and move the statues and that the bark of other trees was used to make rope for hauling. But what happened to the trees?         

          Today some consider the deforestation of Easter Island one of the greatest environmental disasters of all time. The disaster was almost certainly caused by humans. No one knows for sure how or why it happened, of course, but it seem likely that a few hundred years after it was settled, the island began to experience a decline. It came to be ruled by 11 chiefs, who apparently constructed the statues as competitive demonstrations of their power. As the population increased, competition among the chiefs became fiercer. More and more land was cleared to grow crops to feed the people, and more and more trees were cut down to provide firewood and wood for use in moving and raising the statues. This deforestation led to the drying of the land, the loss of nutrients in the soil, and eventually less and less rainfall. Ineffect, the climate was changed.    

          Why did the Easter Islanders allow the disaster to happen? Did they simply fail to recognize an eventual problem? Was the problem too far advanced to do anything about it when they figured out what was happening? Perhaps more significantly for us, are there parallels today? Are we acting as the Easter Islanders did, but on a global scale? For example, does the push to cut down trees (such as in the Amazon rain forest) in the name of jobs and economic development make environmental sense? Are we over-fishing the ocean in our current belief that the supply of seafood is limitless? Are future catastrophes in the works? We mustn’t shy away these questions.

Passive Voice:

Ø    Easter Island was discovered by Dutch explorer Jacob Roggeveen on April 5, 1722 Easter day.

Ø    One very convincing explanation is that they invented their own devices, called canoes rails, which are ladders with parallel wooden logs connected by crosspieces.

Ø    The disaster was almost certainly caused by humans.

Sumber: Maurer, Jay. (2006). Focus On Grammar. White Plains: Longman.

Passive Voice

Passive Voice

Passive voice adalah suatu grammatical construction (bentuk gramatikal) dimana subject kalimat tidak melakukan aksi, melainkan menerima aksi atau ditindak lanjuti (receiver of action) oleh agent lain (doer of action) baik disebutkan ataupun tidak.  Sebaliknya, pada konstruksi active, subject berhubungan langsung dengan verb dengan bertindak sebagai pelaku aksi. Kalimat aktif dapat ditransformasi menjadi pasif, namun hanya transitive verb (diikuti direct object) yang dapat diberlakukan demikian.

Rumus Passive Voice

Rumus passive voice adalah sebagai berikut di bawah ini.

Jika kita ingin membuat kalimat pasif dalam simple present tense, kita memerlukan is, am, are. Berikut ini rumus untuk membuat kalimat pasif dalam simple present tense:

Positif : Subjek + is/am/are + past participle/V3

Negatif : Subjek + is/am/are + Not + Past Participle

Pertanyaan : is/am/are + Subjek + Past Participle

Ciri-ciri :

1. Subjeknya sebagai penderita.

2. Arti dari kata kerjanya berawalan di-, ter-, atau ,ter-kan.

3. Kalimat pasif dalam bahasa Inggris selalu memakai kata kerja bentuk ke-3/past participle.

 

1.      Kalimat pasif dalam simple past tense 

Dalam kalimat positif

Pasif : Pasif : SUB. + WAS / WERE + VERB 3 + BP + ADVERB

Example: 

• His parent’s car was stolen by the thief last night 

     Dalam kalimat negatif

     Pasif : SUB. + WAS / WERE NOT + V3 + BP + ADVERB 
      Examples: 

• His parent’s car was not stolen by the thief last night

    Dalam kalimat tanya (yes/no question)

     Pasif: Q.WOR + WAS / WERE + SUB. + V3 + BP + ADVERB ?

    Example:

•  Was his parent’s car stolen by the thief last night?

2.      Kalimat pasif dalam simple present tense

Dalam kalimat positif Pasif : SUB. + IS/ARE/AM + VERB 3 + BP + ADVERB 

Examples :

• The motorcyle  is washed by him once a week.

Dalam kalimat negatif                                                                                                                Pasif : SUB. + IS/ARE/AM NOT + V3 + BP + ADVERB                                                           Examples:

•  Maher does not type the reports every day.

 Dalam kalimat tanya (yes/no question)

Pasif : IS/ARE/AM + SUB. + V3 + BP + ADVERB ?

Examples :  Is the house pointed by him once a year ?

3.      Kalimat pasif dalam present future tense 

Dalam kalimat positif

Pasif : SUB + WILL / MODAL + BE + V3 + BP +ADVERB

Example:

•  You will be given a writing assignment in Japanese tomorrow.

• The test can be done by her in an hour.

Dalam kalimat negatif

Pasif : SUB + WILL / MODAL NOT + BE + V3 + BP + ADVERB

Example:

• They will not be met by him next Sunday at Tebet.
• The crops shall not be harvested by the farmers next month

Dalam kalimat tanya (yes/no question)

Pasif : WILL / MODAL + SUB + BE + V3 + BP + ADVERB

Examples :

• Will the dictionary be brought by him next Monday ?

• Can the work be done by her alone ?

Jadi, Pasif Voice adalah kalimat yang subject-nya dikenai suatu pekerjaan atau menderita suatu.  Dan subject dari kalimat tersebut menjadi sasaran kegiatan yang dinyatakan oleh kata kerja.

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-passive-voice

http://www.ef.co.id/englishfirst/englishstudy/kalimat-pasif-simple-present-tense.aspx

http://www.ef.co.id/englishfirst/englishstudy/passive-voice-pada-kalimat-simple-past-tense.aspx

http://www.ef.co.id/englishfirst/englishstudy/passive-voice-simple-future-tense.aspx

Pengertian TOEIC & TOEFL

Berikut ini merupakan beberapa pengertian TOEIC & TOEFL dari berbagai sumber:

Ø  TOEIC

1.      TOEIC adalah kependekan dari Test of English for International Communication. Tes ini mengukur kecakapan berbahasa inggris yang digunakan dalam dunia kerja secara umum. Artinya, TOEIC  tidak menuntut  kemampuan khusus atau kosakata selain yang sering digunakan dalam percakapan sehari-hari. Tes ini  biasanya diambil untuk kebutuhan kenaikan jabatan/promosi, orang yang bekerja  dalam dunia international, atau  seseorang  yang akan melamar pekerjaan.

Sumber: Rahmasari Gartika, S,S., M.Hum,  Kurnia Lis N., S, M. Hum. “Smart Way to The TOEIC”, Jakarta: Dunia Cerdas.

2.      Test of english for international communication ( TOEIC), sesuai artinya adalah tes bahasa inggris untuk komunikasi internasional. TOEIC digunakan untuk mengukur kecakapan bahasa inggris orang-orang yang bukan native speaker atau yang bahasa ibunya bukan bahasa inggris.

Sumber : T. Mulyati, Emirfan.2015. “ SUPERTRIK REBUT SKOR TINGKAT TINGGI TOEIC”.Yogyakarta:Trans Idea Publishing.

3.      TOEIC adalah tes bahasa inggris yang paling banyak digunakan untuk bahasa inggris profesional atau yang berhubungan dengan pekerjaan. TOEIC digunakan untuk menyertifikasi kemampuan bahasa inggris anda dan memperkuat profil anda.

Sumber : Fanani,S.S.,M,Pd, Achmad.2014. “ 2 IN 1 LOLOS CEPAT TOEFL & TOEIC”.Yogyakarta:Literindo.

ü  Menurut saya, TOEIC adalah tes dalam bahasa Inggris yang diikuti seseorang atau tes yang diharuskan bagi  seseorang yang ingin melamar pekerjaan ataupun karena adanya kenaikan jabatan. Tes ini bertujuan guna mengukur kemampuan kecakapannya dalam bahasa Inggris yang dapat digunakan dalam kegiatan berkomunikasi sehari-hari dan dapat juga menjadi penunjang dalam pekerjaannya.

Ø  TOEFL

1. TOEFL merupakan proficiency test, yaitu test yang  digunakan untuk mengukur kemampuan bahasa inggris seseorang tanpa dikaitkan langsung dengan proses belajar mengajar.

     Sumber: Gregory William, Ghani Abdul.2015. “Active Cheat For Perfect TOEFL 677”.Tangerang:Lembar Pustaka Indonesia.

2. Test of english as a foreign language atau TOEFL merupakan tes standar bahasa inggris yang  bertujuan untuk mneguji kemampuan seseorang dalam berbahasa inggris sebagai bahasa asing. Tes ini sering digunakan dalam berbagai kepentingan, misalnya dalam berbagai instansi dan universitas sebagai syarat karyawan atau universitas memasuki instansi atau universitas bersangkutan.

Sumber :  Yuniawati,S.S,Yeni dan Nur Fajriyah,S.S.2014. “MASTERING TOEFL(TOEFL PREPARATION)”.Yogyakarta:Quantum ilmu.

3. TOEFL  merupakan singkatan dari Test Of English as a Foreign Language. TOEFL adalah  standardisasi kemampuan bahasa inggris seseorang secara tertulia (de jure) yang meliputi aspek penguasaan: listening, writing dan reading. Sistem penilaian TOEFL menggunakan konversi dari setiap jawaban yang benar. Nilai TOEFL tertinggi yang bisa dicapai seseorang adalah 675. Sumber: http://anggiliia.blogspot.com/2015/03/tugas-softskill-toefl.html

ü  Menurut saya, TOEFL adalah salah satu model tes yang menguji dan mengukur tingkat kemampuan seseorang dalam bahasa inggris sebagai bahasa asing dalam kegiatannya sehari-hari. Dan tes ini digunakan dalam berbagai kegiatannya baik dalam instansi untuk salah satu syarat lamaran pekerjaan dan di universitas dapat sebagai syarat untuk dapat masuk ke Universitas tersebut.